Freight Operational
Strategies
U.S. Department of Transportation, Climate Change Center
Climate Strategies that Work
Freight operational strategies
optimize goods movements
and mitigate environmental
impact, particularly around
ports and congested freight
corridors, contributing to a
more sustainable and resilient
supply chain.
Overview
Freight transportation is a critical component of global
commerce and economic vitality. However, goods movement is a
significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and can
expose workers and people who live near ports and freight
corridors to harmful levels of air pollution and noise. According
to the International Energy Agency, freight transport
represents about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
By leveraging next-generation, clean technologies and practices at
ports, State and local governments, alongside port authorities and
freight operators, can improve supply chain efficiency and
reduce environmental impact. Freight operational strategies,
such as advanced vessel scheduling and truck appointment
systems, can reduce GHG emissions and air pollution and provide
time and cost savings. Close collaboration and coordination
between the freight industry and communities is key to
maximizing these benefits.
Learn more about different freight operational strategies below.
Best Suited for:
Freight operational strategies can be broadly categorized into the following groups
Long Term & Short Term
Urban, Suburban, Rural
A screenshot of the MarineTraffic Live Map, showing tankers waiting to enter the ports of
Houston, Texas City and Galveston (Source: EPA, 2024).
Scheduling and Planning
Regulation and Compliance
Innovative Last Mile Delivery Solutions
Optimizing schedules for arrivals, departures, and operations such as loading and unloading, and fueling, can significantly reduce
congestion and idling times. Utilizing real-time data and communication tools can further enhance efficiency by facilitating coordinated
operations. This translates to less queuing and unnecessary engine operation, leading to lower emissions.
Implementing clear and enforceable regulations, like anti-idling ordinances, incentivizes wider adoption of clean, environmentally friendly
practices. These regulations establish a well-defined framework for reducing idling emissions in specific zones, such as near schools,
hospitals, residential areas, ports, railyards, and truck stops, where people are often exposed to concentrated air pollutants. By promoting
widespread compliance, anti-idling ordinances contribute to cleaner air in these sensitive locations. Regulations are most effective when
complemented with workforce development and training.
Read more at the Idle Reduction Technologies & Strategies page.
These strategies aim to reduce emissions and congestion by optimizing delivery processes and leveraging emerging technologies.
Approaches may include micromobility deliveries, consolidated deliveries, off-peak delivery (Read the Off-peak Delivery page), and
delivery lockers.
Read more at the Micromobility Deliveries, Microhubs, and Last-Mile Solutions page.
Read more at the Off-peak Delivery page.
Freight transportation can be more efficient and reliable when all modes of freight transportation are considered, and the optimal mode
is selected. Private industry should consider intermodal freight maritime and rail routes where feasible, to reduce emissions and avoid
congestion on roadways.
Read more at the Multimodal and Intermodal Freight Planning page.
Supply Chain Optimization
Alternative Fuels and Technologies
Optimal Mode Choice
Optimizing inventory management, packaging and distribution processes, reduces waste and emissions associated with inefficient
logistics practices.
Promoting the use of zero-emission and low carbon intensity fuels, such as electric vehicles, and hybrid propulsion systems, reduces
emissions and leads to cost savings.
Read more at the Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure page.
Specific freight operational practices and procedures may include:
Port Management Information Systems (PMIS)
These electronic tracking systems monitor ship movements, cargo manifests, truck arrivals/departures, and equipment availability. PMIS
may focus on a subset of port functions or encompass all freight movement activities, integrating multiple efficiency improvement
strategies. Port functions that may be managed by PMIS include:
Advanced Vessel Scheduling: Also known as virtual vessel arrival, informs vessels about potential delays at destination ports, helping
them align arrival times with berth availability and minimize vessel waiting times and associated anchorage emissions. In addition, these
systems can help vessel operators optimize their voyage speeds, resulting in further potential fuel savings.
Many major U.S. ports have implemented PMIS to varying extents including the Port of Virginia, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Port
of Oakland, and the Port of Los Angeles.
Optimized Drayage Operations: Drayage efficiency can be improved through various gate management strategies including truck
appointment systems and extended operation hours, both of which shift truck arrivals away from peak periods and reduce average wait
times at the terminal gates.
Idle Reduction Technologies (IRT)
IRTs reduce emissions by enabling operators to power essential functions without relying on main engines. This may include shore power, auxiliary
power units, battery air conditioning systems, automatic engine stop/start systems, or electrified parking stops.
Read the Idle Reduction Technologies & Strategies page.
Just-in-Time (JIT) & Inventory Management
JIT is a form of inventory management that requires working closely with suppliers so that raw materials arrive as production is scheduled
to begin, but no sooner. The goal is to have the minimum amount of inventory on hand to meet demand.
Operator Comfort Stations
Offering climate-controlled rest areas at truck stops and railyards reduces idling by ensuring drivers have a comfortable alternative to
running engines for climate control during rest breaks.
Operations Streamlining
Improving on freight operations through efficient scheduling, routing, and load consolidation helps minimize fuel consumption, reduce
emissions, and leads to cost savings.
Nearly three-quarters of the world’s cargo is moved by ocean-going vessels, but road vehicles make of the majority (about 65%) of freight-related
emissions.
In 2019, the three largest ports in the United States in terms of volume processed—the Ports of Los Angeles, Long Beach, and New York and New
Jersey—emitted over 2.5 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂e). This estimate includes emissions from ocean-going vessels at port,
harbor craft, cargo handling equipment, locomotives, and heavy-duty vehicles (Bertrand and Williams, 2022).
In 2022, international shipping accounted for about 2% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. Scaling up low- and zero-emission fuels, such as
biofuels, methanol, and electricity, is the key to decarbonizing the shipping industry (IEA, 2023).
In the National Port Strategy Assessment, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that reducing long-haul truck idle and creep time by
10% reduces CO₂ emissions by 2.6% (EPA, 2016).
If a port with an annual average drayage truck volume of 300,000 and an average turn time of 1.5 hours implemented a gate management strategy
that lowered turnarounds to 0.8 hours, they could reduce annual CO₂ emissions by 862 tons per year (EPA, 2021a).
The Global Container Terminals (GCT) Bayonne facility implemented a truck appointment system with a 70% reservation adoption rate. This
program significantly reduced truck turnaround times by 40% during appointment hours, leading to CO₂ savings of 21,000 tonnes in 2017. That's
equivalent to taking roughly 4,500 passenger cars off the road (EPA, 2018).
Check out the MIT Climate Portal for more information about how we move our freight.
greenhouse gas Reduction Potential
Freight Emissions in Context
Drayage Trucks
Ocean Going Vessels
If an oil tanker with Tier 1 medium speed diesel propulsion engines using marine gas
oil originally scheduled to arrive at a port in 184 hours increased its total trip time to
196 hours while en route to avoid an anticipated wait time of 12 hours at anchorage, it
could avoid 2.30 tons of CO₂ emissions (EPA, 2021b).
Reducing vessel speeds decreases fuel consumption and emissions near port areas.
San Diego, Los Angeles, and New York/New Jersey have established vessel speed
reduction (VSR) zones beginning at 20 to 40 nautical miles from shore. As one example,
the Port of Los Angeles VSR reduced average vessel speeds to 12 knots within 24
nautical miles, resulting in 37% CO2 emissions savings (EPA VSR, n.d.).
Typical Port Emission Impact for Each 10% Reduction in Idle/Creep Time, 2020 and 2030.
(Source: EPA, 2016)
This section provides an overview of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions associated with the strategy. It highlights key findings and relevant metrics
from GHG modeling resources, peer-reviewed studies, and real-world applications.
Port of San Diego Vessel Speed Reduction Zone (EPA VSR, n.d.).
Co-benefits
Safety
Port Management Information Systems can improve port safety by
reducing total cargo movements and minimizing the likelihood of
collisions. For example, the Port of Vancouver vessel traffic
management system will help coordinate more than 5,000
commercial ship movements annually and increase safety and
efficiency as traffic grows in the region (EPA, 2024; Port of Vancouver,
2024).
Reduced engine noise associated with idling can create a safer
working environment for port personnel. Regular exposure to high
noise levels can lead to occupational hearing loss, which is associated
with heart problems, cognitive decline, and poor mental health (CDC,
2024).
Idle reduction operational strategies, such as advanced scheduling,
contribute to smoother operations by minimizing delays. This
translates to increased efficiency, potentially leading to higher
throughput (EPA, 2019).
Ports can implement several programs and policies that spur
investment in local entrepreneurs and the local workforce. These
programs can be tailored to emphasize investments in near-port
communities and/or communities experiencing high rates of
poverty, unemployment and underemployment (EPA, n.d.).
Economic Growth
According to the American Association of Port Authorities,
deepwater ports in the U.S. supported 541,946 jobs in 2014. In
addition, port activity generated over 23 million jobs in related
sectors and through their overall economic impact on the
surrounding communities (American Association of Port
Authorities, 2014).
Cost Savings
Vessel operators typically travel at full speed to destination ports.
Knowing about berthing delays in advance allows them to reduce
their speed, resulting in fuel savings and emissions reductions en
route (EPA, 2021b).
Global Container Terminals (GCT) estimates that an integrated
appointment system at the GCT Bayonne facility at the Port of New
York and New Jersey improved truck turn times by over 40% (EPA,
2018).
A typical long-haul combination truck that eliminates unnecessary
idling could save over 900 gallons of fuel each year (EPA, 2019).
- This section outlines the multiple co-benefits associated with the strategy, including safety benefits, local air quality improvements, and improved
accessibility. Each co-benefit presents examples that demonstrate how the strategy enhances regional or community well-being while addressing
emissions.
Accessibility and Equity
Air Quality and Health
Port operations can impact air quality, water quality and land use.
Research suggests idling may contribute up to 34% or more to local air
pollution levels (Lee et. al., 2017). By increasing port operational
efficiency and reducing the movement and idling of vessels, vehicles,
and equipment, port management information systems (PMIS) can
significantly reduce port-related emissions and noise which can
improve the health of port workers and nearby communities (EPA,
2016; EPA, 2024).
Vessel speed reduction zones can have significant benefits for near-
port air quality. If a container ship with a typical cruising speed of 21
knots reduced its speed by 20% to 16.8 knots, it would see a reduced
engine load of up to 50% and corresponding reductions in fuel
consumption and NOx and PM emissions (EPA VSR, n.d.).
For resources on community-port collaboration, including
toolkits, roadmaps, and primers, visit the EPA Ports Initiative
site.
Cost Considerations
Anti-idling Programs: The capital costs for implementing and maintaining an anti-idling policy are low, typically limited to signage (around $50)
and incorporating the policy into existing employee training sessions (EPA, 2019).
Comfort Stations: Providing basic amenities like restrooms at facilities incurs minimal to no cost. However, enhancing these areas with amenities
like comfortable seating, vending machines, Wi-Fi, and electrical outlets will increase costs depending on the level of improvement chosen (EPA,
2019).
Cost of Implementation
Port Management Information Systems (PMIS): PMIS implementation costs vary significantly depending
on the size and complexity of your port operation. Factors include installation costs, software licenses, and
any necessary equipment (EPA, 2024).
Cost savings from implementing a PMIS can be sizable as a result of reduced fuel consumption, and
reduced fees and fines associated with idling and demurrage fees (EPA, 2021a).
Extended Gate Hours: Labor costs associated with extended hours will depend on staffing needs, wages,
and benefits.
Funding Opportunities
Honolulu, Hawaii: Truck Emissions at Port Facilities Grant Award The Hawaii
Department of Transportation will receive $5.2 million to modernize port gates
and automate improvements at the Sand Island Terminal in Honolulu Harbor.
The improvements will reduce truck processing times, queueing delays, cut port-
related emissions from idling trucks and make port operations more efficient.
EPA’s Clean Ports Program provides for investment in clean, zero-
emission port equipment and technology; to conduct relevant planning
or permitting in connection with the purchase or installation of such
equipment or technology; and to help ports develop climate action
plans to reduce air pollutants at U.S. ports.
FHWA’s Congestion Mitigation Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ)
Program supports surface transportation projects and other related
efforts that contribute air quality improvements and provide
congestion relief. This includes certain freight projects that reduce
emissions. For more information, please see the CMAQ Interim
Guidance.
EPA’s Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Program funds grants
and rebates that protect human health and improve air quality by
reducing harmful emissions from diesel engines.
USDOT’s Rebuilding American Infrastructure with Sustainability
and Equity (RAISE) Discretionary Grant program funds critical
infrastructure projects across the country, prioritizing sustainability
and equitable access.
FHWA’s Truck Emissions at Port Facilities (RTEPF) Grant Program
provides funding to test, evaluate, and deploy projects that reduce
port-related emissions from idling trucks. Eligible projects include port
electrification and efficiency improvements, focusing on heavy-duty
commercial vehicles, and other related projects.
Idle Reduction Equipment Excise Tax Exemption: Qualified on-
board idle reduction devices and advanced insulation are exempt
from the federal excise tax imposed on the retail sale of heavy-duty
highway trucks and trailers. The exemption also applies to the
installation of qualified equipment on vehicles after the vehicles have
been placed into service.
MARAD’s Port Infrastructure Development Program supports
projects that improve the safety, efficiency, and reliability of moving
goods into, out of, around, or within ports.
San Juan, Puerto Rico: Truck Emissions at Port Facilities Grant Award Crowley
Logistics, Inc. will receive $3.8 million to reduce truck emissions, queueing, idling
and traffic congestion at the Isla Grande Terminal at the Port of San Juan in
Puerto Rico. The project includes replacing diesel-powered trucks with electric
utility tractor rigs and installing fast chargers. Crowley’s supply chain operations
in the Southeast and Gulf Coast account for more than 60% of domestic cargo
moved to/from Puerto Rico.
Complementary Strategies
IRTs can work alongside other operational improvements like traffic management systems or optimized scheduling to further
streamline port operations and reduce overall environmental impact.
The relationship between intermodal freight and freight operational improvements lies in how operational enhancements can
improve the effectiveness of intermodal freight while reducing GHG emissions. For example, real-time tracking and data
analytics can optimize intermodal routes, minimize transit times, and improve supply chain visibility. Automation and
digitalization can streamline intermodal operations, reducing manual errors and delays.
Upgrading existing engines with cleaner technology or transitioning to zero-emission alternatives like electric trucks or
hydrogen-powered cargo handling equipment can significantly improve air quality and contribute to achieving
ambitious climate goals.
Leveraging compact vehicles like cargo bikes, drones, and delivery robots as agile, last-mile solutions enhances the final,
and often complex and costly, component of freight delivery.
By scheduling deliveries during non-peak hours, off-peak deliveries enhance operational efficiency, enhance reliability of
timely deliveries, and reduces emissions caused by congestion.
Case studies
Jacintoport International will receive $1.8 million to install new
terminal operating systems at the Seaboard Marine Port in Miami.
The terminal improvements will reduce truck idling time at the gates
by at least 10 minutes, which, in turn, will ease truck congestion
within the port and roads leading to the ports. The new system will
improve the efficiency of trucks picking up or dropping off containers
in the yard, reducing their operating time, the amount of carbon
emissions, air pollutants and noise associated with idling trucks and
equipment.
The Port of Virginia is one of the fastest growing ports on the East Coast,
its largest terminal, the Norfolk International Terminal, encompasses 567
acres and has over 2,147,200 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) capacity.
However, trucks servicing the port often experienced lengthy wait times,
which created bottlenecks and led to vehicle idling. To relieve congestion,
the port implemented an electronic appointment system in 2014.
TEU, or Twenty-foot Equivalent is commonly used unit to
determine cargo capacity
What is TEU?
Source: U.S. EPA Ports Initiative
The newly integrated system works across various port operations and includes:
- A reservation system for gate appointments and support.
- A community portal for import and export cargo and vessel schedules.
- A mobile app for import container availability.
- A drayage truck registry with RFID tag support, distribution, and management services.
Furthermore, the system allows for two-way data flows with other supply chain stakeholders. This single window collaboration platform has
helped decrease truck turn times by nearly 50%, leading to improved traffic conditions and a 20% reduction in truck-related emissions (EPA,
2021a).
Source: Port of Virginia
Implementing Freight Operational
Strategies: What to Read Next
Enacting anti-idling regulations or time limits can be a readily implementable strategy for various sectors. These regulations are often already
established around schools, hospitals, and other sensitive areas, providing a familiar framework for broader adoption.
Sample Idle Reduction Policy and Policy Guidance available, here.
Sustainable Environment for Quality of Life hosts a Sample School Bus
Anti-Idling Policy online. The policy, as well as other action steps are
detailed here.
Near-port communities (communities that are within a 7-mile radius of the
proposed Inland Port) and port operators have unique challenges and
shared interests related to air quality that can benefit from joint problem
solving. Community-port collaboration is important to address
environmental justice concerns and improve quality of life for near-port
communities and port workers. Collaboration with community partners can
also help ports achieve better infrastructure project outcomes, increase
resilience, and manage risk (EPA, 2023).
Read more at EPA’s Community-Port Collaboration Toolkit, here.
The Port of Long Beach, California partners with the Long Beach Unified School District to support the innovative Academy of Global
Logistics at Cabrillo High School, a four-year pathway for students interested in trade and maritime careers. The Port links with Long
Beach City College and California State University, Long Beach, to offer training, study pathways for logistics careers, and
professional development programs. New grant-funded demonstrations of zero-emissions and other clean port technology include
workforce development and training outreach for local jobseeker (Port of Long Beach, 2019).
Success Story
Read about Port Management Information Systems, here
Source: U.S. EPA, Community-Port Collaboration
Ports that implement vessel scheduling, drayage operations, automated gate systems, and other PMIS can improve overall efficiency and
benefit surrounding communities.
Resources
The EPA Ports Initiative: This initiative works with U.S. ports and local
communities to improve environmental performance. The program
provides technical resources, such as guides on creating port
emission inventories, and toolkits and resources to promote
community-port collaboration. The Ports Initiative is currently
running pilot projects at four ports to provide technical assistance for
community collaboration.
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,
Idle Reduction: This resource provides an introduction to idle
reduction practices, their benefits, and resources for personal and
commercial vehicles.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Best Clean Air Practices for
Port Operations: This resource offers best practices for ports to
reduce air pollution, potentially including strategies to minimize idling
times from ships and cargo handling equipment.
General Resources
Toolkits and Modelling Approaches
USDOT’s Freight Logistics Optimization Works (FLOW): FLOW is a
public-private partnership among industry and government to help
build a forward-looking, integrated view of supply chain conditions in
the U.S. The program collects purchase order information from
importers in addition to logistics supply, demand, and throughput data
from participants, which the Bureau of Transportation Statistics
analyzes and provides a broad, daily view of the current conditions of
the overall logistics network back to FLOW members.
Federal Highway Administration, Congestion Mitigation Air Quality
Improvement (CMAQ) Emissions Calculator Toolkit, Diesel Idle
Reduction Strategies: This tool provides air quality benefit calculations
for diesel idle reduction strategies.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Diesel Emissions Quantifier
(DEQ): This tool allows users to estimate air pollutant emissions from
various sources, including idling diesel vehicles.
Argonne National Laboratory, Vehicle Idle Reduction Savings
Worksheet: This downloadable spreadsheet helps calculate potential
fuel cost savings associated with reducing vehicle idling times.
U.S. Department of Energy, Petroleum Reduction Planning Tool: This
online tool helps assess strategies and opportunities for reducing
petroleum use across different sectors, including potential benefits
from reducing vehicle idling.
American Association of Port Authorities. (2014). National Economic Impact of the U.S. Coastal Port System: Executive Summary.
https://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Martin%20study%20executive%20summary%20final.pdf
Argonne National Laboratory. (n.d.). Idle Reduction Research. https://www.anl.gov/taps/idle-reduction-research
Argonne National Laboratory. (2017). Economics of Idling Reduction Options for long-Haul Trucks.
https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/economics_long_haul_trucks.pdf?0ad97f2fdf
Bertrand and Williams. (2022). Issue Brief: Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation at U.S. Ports, Environmental and Energy Study Institute.
https://www.eesi.org/papers/view/issue-brief-climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation-at-u.s-ports-
2022#:~:text=Shore%20powering%20facilities%E2%80%94electrical%20hookups,the%20road%20for%20a%20day.
CDC. (2024). About Occupational Hearing Loss. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/noise/about/index.html
Federal Highway Administration. (2005). Financing Idle-Reduction Projects. https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/marchapril-2005/financing-idle-
reduction-projects
International Energy Agency. (2018) CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/co2-emissions-from-fuel-
combustion-2018_co2_fuel-2018-en
International Energy Agency (IEA). 2023. Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2023. International Shipping. https://www.iea.org/energy-
system/transport/international-shipping
Lee, Y. Y., Lin, S. L., Aniza, R., & Yuan, C. S. (2017). Reduction of atmospheric PM2. 5 level by restricting the idling operation of buses in a busy station.
Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17(10), 2424-2437. https://aaqr.org/articles/aaqr-17-09-oa-0301
Mendoza, Benny, Bares, Fasoli, et. al., (2022). Air Quality and Behavioral Impacts of Anti-Idling Campaigns in School Drop-Off Zones.
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-
4433/13/5/706#:~:text=Vehicle%20emissions%20are%20a%20major,improve%20outcomes%20for%20asthmatic%20children.
Northeast States Center for a Clean Air Future (NESCCAF) and International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2009). Reducing Heavy Duty
Long Haul Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions. https://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-
200910.pdf
Port of Long Beach. (2019). Strategic Plan. https://thehelm.polb.com/download/259/strategic-plan/4001/2019-port-of-long-beach-strategic-plan-
042319.pdf
Port of Vancouver. 2024. Port of Vancouver vessel traffic management system enhances marine safety and trade efficiency throughout Burrard
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and-trade-efficiency
The Port of Virginia. (2019). Comprehensive Air Emissions Inventory 2017 Update. Case Study 5.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA VSR). (n.d.). Marine Vessel Speed Reduction (VSR) Reduces Air Emissions and Fuel Usage.
https://www.epa.gov/ports-initiative/marine-vessel-speed-reduction-reduces-air-emissions-and-fuel-usage
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). Management Information Systems Improve Operational Efficiencies and Air Quality At Ports.
https://www.epa.gov/ports-initiative/management-information-systems-improve-operational-efficiencies-and-air-quality
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References
For more information visit the DOT Climate Change Center,
https://www.transportation.gov/priorities/climate-and-
sustainability/dot-climate-change-center
Port of Virginia